I might be interpreting your question a bit different....
Everyone's advice is correct but just the start of what you're asking:
1) Increase canvas (it can be empty space, you'll add the black etc in the coming steps)
2) Go to Layer > Live Projection > Equirectangular Projection. And face straight down: -180 pitch
3) draw your info. It will be in a circular area (mine is teal. Yours will be black).
4) Corrected: Select all your info plus the image and (copy if you want to keep the original safe) hit Layer > Merge Visible Selected.
5) Layer > Live Projection > Remove Projection.
